Showing posts with label hybrids. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hybrids. Show all posts

US Automotive Industry: Efficient Vehicles and Sustainability Initiatives (GM, Ford & Tesla)

U.S. automakers are producing an ever increasing line-up of more efficient vehicles. However, efficiency measures in the auto industry extend beyond the vehicles they produce. American car companies must compete with more than 36 new hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs) that have been or will be launched in 2013. Growing demand for highly efficient vehicles has compelled almost every brand to get into the EV market, which gives consumers an ever expanding list of vehicles to choose from.

In addition to expanded product lines, innovative sustainability measures are being adopted by automakers.  As explained by Green Car Reports, the major automakers are doing more on the sustainability front when it comes to their EV production lines. They are reducing their waste, increasing their use of solar power while reducing their energy usage.

Automotive brands are increasingly seeing value in greening their operations and products as evidenced by Interbrand’s 2013 Best Global Green Brands ranking, which counted four automotive brands in the top five spots. The ranking evaluates companies based on their environmental performance and the public’s perception of their green credentials.

A Mintel study indicated that sales of hybrids and EVs were up 73 percent in 2012. They forecasted that the number of hybrid and EVs will reach 535,000 units by the end of 2013, which represents a 14 percent increase in sales over 2012. By 2017, Mintel predicts that sales of hybrids and EVs will reach 850,000 units, representing five percent of the total US car market.

According to forecasts from Pike research, more than 210,000 plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will be sold globally in 2013. By the end of 2013, about 400,000 PEVs will be on the road globally. They further predicted improved battery performance including greater reliability and charge acceptance from regenerative braking.

Edmunds.com projected that at least 43 new hybrids, PEVs, EVs, diesels and fuel cell electric vehicles are planned for introduction in the U.S. by the 2015 model year.

Aggressive national fuel economy standards for model years 2012 to 2025 have helped push automakers to provide more efficient vehicles. Declining price points from companies like GM and Nissan are also a factor driving the rapid adoption of EVs. The growth of charging station infrastructure is another factor supporting growth.

A late 2012 report released by Lux Research forecasts that  the market for electric vehicle charging stations will rise from $140 million in 2012 to $1.15 billion by 2020. The market for charging equipment is expected to grow from about 120,000 units in 2012 to 1.3 million in 2020.

Here is a review of some fuel efficient vehicles along with the sustainability efforts of U.S. automakers General Motors, Ford and Tesla. These car companies are producing more efficient vehicles as well as exploring some innovative sustainability initiatives.

General Motors


Just a couple of years after being on the brink of oblivion, GM was awarded the Top Automotive Innovator as ranked by The Patent Board. All together, GM was granted 1,123 U.S. patents in 2011. In July, Environmental Leader reported that General Motors has partnered with Honda to develop fuel-cell vehicles and infrastructure. This partnership makes sense given that the companies are first and second on the Clean Energy Patent Growth Index. When added together, GM and Honda have filed more than 1,200 fuel cell patents between 2002 and 2012.

GM has also garnered a lot of experience with Project Driveway, a program which was launched in 2007. Through the project, GM has amassed more than 3 million miles of real-world driving experience with a fleet of 119 hydrogen-powered vehicles, which is more than any other automaker.

As reported by Environmental Leader, General Motors plans to invest more than $331 million to produce more fuel-efficient engines and transmissions. This includes the Ecotec engine which offers improved fuel economy, better performance and reduced carbon dioxide emissions. It also includes an eight-speed automatic transmission which will assist in improved fuel economy and performance.

GM’s investments came a month after GM CEO and chairman Dan Akerson announced the company will save 12 billion gallons of fuel over the life of the vehicles it builds between 2011 and 2017. The company has also committed to achieving a 20 percent reduction per vehicle in global CO2 footprint by 2020.

In 2012, Solar Energy Industries Association said that GM uses more solar power than any other automaker in the U.S. The company also ranks No. 13 of the top 20 solar-powered companies in the U.S. In 2011, GM committed to doubling its global solar output to 60 megawatts by 2014, and to increase renewable energy use to 125MW by 2020.

In 2012, GM announced its plan to turn more than half of its manufacturing plants into landfill-free facilities. With the aim of helping other companies do the same, GM shared its waste reduction blueprint called “The Business Case for Zero Waste”.

The automaker recycles 90 percent of its worldwide manufacturing waste and has 102 landfill-free facilities. On its way to achieving a zero-waste status, the company has managed to generate billions of dollars of revenue.

The Volt is GM’s green flagship. This vehicle can operate up to 40 miles on its electrical charge before switching to a gasoline powered engine. According to the EPA, the Chevy Volt has a rating of 93 MPGe (MPGe, or miles per gallon Equivalent is a measure of how far the car can travel electrically on battery energy equivalent to that contained in 1 gallon of gasoline) while running purely on electricity, and 37 MPG in so-called “charge-sustaining” mode.  The Volt is the most widely sold car in its class in the U.S.

Ford


In 2013, Ford Motor Co. announced that “eco-consciousness is no longer a niche value; it’s a way of life.” In 2012, Ford announced plans to cut water use at its European plants by 30 per cent by 2017, and to send 70 percent less waste to landfills. In all, it is estimated that Ford will prevent 5.5 billion tons of waste from being dumped in landfill sites and save 1.3 billion liters of water.
“This plan represents our pledge to minimize Ford’s impact on the environment both before and after our customers get behind the wheel,” said Stephen Odell, the chairman and chief executive of Ford in Europe. “This goes hand in hand with our commitment to develop the most fuel-efficient vehicles. Sustainability makes just as much sense for Ford as a business as it does for the environment.”
According to Interbrand’s 2013 Best Global Green Brands ranking, Ford Motor Co. came in second. Their Taurus has a 2.0-liter EcoBoost engine that gets 32 mpg, it’s the vehicle which was EPA  certified as the best-in-class large sedan for city and highway fuel economy.

In 2012, the company launched five electrified vehicles: Focus Electric (MPGe 105), which went into production in 2011, C-MAX Hybrid (43 MPG), C-MAX Energi plug-in hybrid (MPGe 100), the Fusion Hybrid (MPG 47) and the Fusion Energi plug-in hybrid (MPGe 100).

In 2012, Ford announced some ambitious plans to increase their EV production capacity. They said they want to double their battery-testing capabilities by the end of this year. The company is investing $135 million aimed at speeding up the development of its next generation of electrified vehicles by at least 25 percent. Ford says it will reduce the costs of its hybrid system by 30 percent over previous generations. Their goal is to triple electrified vehicle production capacity by 2013 and offer more choices to consumers.

Ford is also getting involved with hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. At the beginning of 2013, the Detroit Free Press reported that Ford had joined Nissan and Daimler to develop affordable fuel cell electric vehicles with the goal of a 2017 launch.

Ford has also adopted some innovative technological approaches to being more environmentally friendly. Ford launched a $50,000 challenge for software developers to create mobile or web-based apps to help consumers better understand and improve their personal fuel-economy performance data.

Ford is also exploring the ways in which cloud-based technology called the EVOS concept car can improve upon and personalize vehicle performance. Ford is researching the ways in which the Nokia Location Platform can optimize hybrid powertrain efficiency by automatically regulating a car’s powertrain as it travels.

Ford is also behind an innovative program that addresses enegy use. At the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Ford announced the launch of MyEnergi Lifestyle. This product helps people to use energy more efficiently, it also connects plug-in vehicles and energy-smart appliances to the same database, to produce a measure of overall household energy efficiency.

Another intiative from Ford involves the expansion of its low solvent low VOC, 3-Wet paint process which the company claims is reducing CO2 emissions between 15 and 25 percent at eight of their plants. By the end of 2013, Ford will have implemented the technology in 12 plants. The automaker says it will expand to additional facilities worldwide over the next four years. The process saves electricity from the blowers that circulate massive volumes of air through paint booths, and reduces Ford’s use of natural gas needed to heat the air and ovens.

Ford also reduced the average amount of water used to make each vehicle by 8.5 percent between 2011 and 2012, putting the company more than halfway toward its goal of using an average of 4 cubic meters per vehicle globally by 2015.

 Tesla


Tesla Motors is the pioneering California-based electric car company which is pursuing the goal of accelerating the world’s transition to sustainable transport with a full range of increasingly affordable electric cars. Tesla designs and manufactures EVs, as well as EV powertrain components for partners such as Toyota and Mercedes.

In addition to producing very efficient electric vehicles, a company press release indicated that the Tesla Model S has achieved unparalleled safety ratings.  Independent testing by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has awarded the Tesla Model S a 5-star safety rating on every subcategory without exception. This is a rare distinction as only one percent of all cars get an across the board 5 star rating.  The Model S earned an unprecedented new combined record safety rating of 5.4 stars.

Tesla Motors is an early adopter which has schooled the EV industry in the U.S. and around the world. In 2006, Tesla was named a recipient of the Global Green USA Product/Industrial Design Award for its work in developing the Tesla Roadster.

Tesla not only produces great electric vehicles they are also leading the way in charging infrastructure. According to EV New Report, “The Tesla station may become the de facto national energy plan for automobile transportation.”

Tesla has even incorporated a novel approach to sustainability into their production facilities. Rather than build new facilities, Tesla Motors motors have refurbished older factories. Overall, Tesla is widely recognized for its excellent industry leading sustainability strategy.

The future of transportation is electric


According to Elon Musk,  the CEO of both Tesla Motors and SpaceX, as well as the Chairman of SolarCity, all forms of transportation are going to be electric.
“The way I see it is that all transportation will go electric except for rockets, ironically. All that is needed is someone to provide compelling electric vehicles. That is something we’re doing at Tesla and that’s something I think we’ll see the rest of the auto industry doing over time. I don’t think there is such a thing as the electric vehicle market and the internal combustion market — it’ll all go electric. It’s just a question of producing a compelling product.”
Efficiency is driving the market for this new generation of vehicles which are far more efficient than gasoline and diesel power.  Advances in electric and hydrogen vehicles are ushering in a new era that will bring an end to the environmentally destructive internal combustion engine.

More sustainable practices, collaboration, technology and a new generation of vehicles are reducing the footprint of the automotive industry.

Highly efficient electric and hydrogen vehicles are combining with sustainable automotive initiatives to forge a clean and green future in the U.S. and around the world.

Source: Global Warming is Real

© 2013, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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Volkswagen's Efficient Cars and Other Sustainability Efforts

According to Interbrand’s 2013 Best Global Green Brands ranking, Volkswagen came in seventh. Volkswagen has an efficiency leading concept car known as the XL1. It boasts an ultra-light structure (1,750 pounds) that makes extensive use of composites, and a hybrid power train.

The 0.8-liter diesel twin produces 48 horsepower and comes with a seven-speed dual-clutch gearbox (DSG). The diesel engine is assisted by a 27-hp electric motor system powered by a 5.5-kWh lithium-ion battery. All together, the power train produces 68 hp and 103 lb-ft in its 'boosting mode.'The XL1 can go 310 miles on a single charge.

Drivers can manually select a pure-electric mode. It also has a leading coefficient of drag of just 0.189. The dashboard is made of a natural fiber, with a magnesium cross-member, while side windows are polycarbonate. The car also has camera systems alongside the vehicle, with little smartphone-sized screens.

In addition to its range, what makes this vehicle truly exceptional is its fuel efficiency rating of 261 MPGe. While this is Volkswagen's own estimate, one of those that test drove the vehicle, gauged its a fuel economy to be 0.7 - 1.4 l/100km which is equivalent to 168 mpg.

However, the caveat is that almost nobody in the general public will ever own one. Volkswagen is only making 250 production XL1s for Europe but it will not be available in the U.S. as it does not meet minimum safety requirements. However some of the car's features may make it to production vehicles bound for the U.S. Volkswagen has already confirmed that one of those features is the dual-clutch modular hybrid power train configuration.

At the New York International Auto Show, German automaker Audi, a subsidiary of the Volkswagen group, confirmed that it will offer its A3 Sportback e-Tron plug-in hybrid in the U.S. The company unveiled the production model at the Geneva Motor Show in Switzerland. The vehicle has a 1.4-liter TSI turbocharge four cylinder engine combined with a 75-kw electric motor. The two power units produce a combined 204 horsepower.

Volkswagen has also invested in sustainability at its facilities. Early in 2013, Volkswagen opened a 33 acres solar park adjacent to its LEED Platinum manufacturing plant in Chattanooga, Tenn. The 9.5 MW solar park contains 33,600 solar modules that produce 13.1 gigawatt hours of electricity per year, said Green Car Reports. They are also planning to build other facilities modeled on the Chattanooga plant.

© 2013, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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BMW's Efficient Cars and Other Sustainability Efforts

The 2014 BMW i3 electric city car is part of the BMW iSeries. This series of electric cars has zero emissions and an affordable price tag. What sets the BMW iSeries apart from all other electric cars is their luxury and modernity as well as their technological sophistication thanks to a novel partnership with Apple.

The i3 is a four-door made out of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP). About 25 percent of the plastics used inside the car are recycled, and the eucalyptus wood veneers used on the trim are "responsibly harvested." The door trims and instrument-panel surround also use fibers from the kenaf plant, an increasingly popular sustainable element in car interiors.

The grille has simple black blanking plates to reduce the aerodynamic drag. The 19-inch wheels are tall, but very thin, using specially developed 155/70 low-rolling-resistance tires. Overall, the i3 has roughly the same footprint as a 1-Series sedan.

The i3 is powered primarily by a 22-kilowatt-hour 450 pound lithium-ion battery pack built into its floorpan. It powers a 125-kilowatt (170-horsepower) electric motor, mounted under the high rear load deck, that produces 184 lb-ft of torque.

The optional Range Extender is a rear-mounted 34-horsepower, 650cc twin-cylinder gasoline engine which is only used to generate electricity. According to BMW, the battery range is 80 to 100 miles, and that the range extender will "roughly double" that. This gives the i3 with Range Extender an effective fuel efficiency of 33 to 42 MPG.

As for charging time, the standard onboard charger can operate at up to 7.4 kW, meaning a full recharge on a 240-Volt Level 2 charging station will take 3 hours or less (if the station is rated at 32 Amps or higher). The i3 will also offer an optional Combined Charging System (CCS) fast-charging coupler that gives the vehicle an 80 percent battery recharge in 20 minutes, and 100 percent in 30 minutes. However it is not capadible with CHAdeMO quick-charging standard. The 2014 BMW i3 will go on sale in the U.S. early in 2014.

As reported in Hybrid Cars, the BMW Group has also achieved its best ever result in the Global 500 ranking of the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) published. Scoring 99 out of a possible 100 points, the company is Sector Leader, underscoring its leading position as the most sustainable automotive manufacturer in the world.

As explained by Chairman of the Board of Management of BMW AG, Norbert Reithofer:

“We are focused on climate protection at all our locations worldwide. We consistently promote environmental protection at our plants and have made major progress in recent years. Our success in the CDP Global 500 ranking confirms that we are on the right track.”

The BMW Group was recognized for its leadership in transparent reporting, carbon performance and action on climate protection.

BMW is also getting in on hydrogen fuel cells. To this end the group has signed an agreement with Toyota to develop a fuel cell system.

© 2013, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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Nissan's Efficient Cars and Other Sustainability Efforts

According to Interbrand’s 2013 Best Global Green Brands, Nissan ranked fifth. The Leaf is the most widely sold electric passenger car of all time. In February, 2013, the company announced that it had produced 50,000 LEAFs. The Leaf boasts a fuel efficiency rating of 115 MPGe and the EPA rated 2013 Leaf's range at 75 miles on a single charge.

The Nissan Leaf, is by far the volume leader, part of what makes the Leaf so successful is the fact that it is efficient, affordable and it offers better range than most electric vehicles.

Infinity, Nissan's luxury brand is also getting more efficient with a new hybrid engine. The 2.5-liter, four-cylinder successor to the 3.5-liter V6, reportedly has the same power but with less fuel. The FF Hybrid may debut in the Infiniti JX three-row crossover.

At the New York International Auto Show, Infiniti unveiled its 2014 QX60 Hybrid. The new hybrid is projected to get 26 miles per gallon fuel economy (combined city/highway driving), which represents a 24 percent increase over non-hybrid QX60 models.  Nissan also debuted the hybrid version of its redesigned Pathfinder at the same show. This vehicle is powered by a 2.5-liter engine coupled with a lithium-ion battery and a 15-kW electric motor

In addition, Nissan has partnered with Ford and Daimler to develop affordable fuel cell electric vehicles that the automakers hope to have on the road by 2017.

In its 2013 Sustainability Report, Nissan tracks its environmental performance through its CSR Scorecard and provides details about greater corporate transparency.

Nissan's Blue Citizenship commitment is the company's vision which is about "Enriching People's Lives." by providing "sustainable mobility for all." Their aim to create "economic value and to actively contribute towards the development of a sustainable society."

Nissan's strategic orientation is best summarized by the company's President and CEO, Carlos Ghosn:

“As one of the world's leading automakers, Nissan has a responsibility to help build a sustainable society. We take this responsibility seriously. Enriching People's Lives is not just our corporate vision, it's an important part of our culture and daily business activities. Whether we're taking steps to conserve resources, enhance safety and fuel-efficiency or expand our philanthropic investments, we are working to create economic value and making a positive, lasting impact in every market we serve."

© 2013, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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Honda's Efficient Cars and Other Sustainability Initiatives

According to Interbrand’s 2013 Best Global Green Brands, Honda ranked third. The 2013 Honda Fit EV gets 118 MPGe combined (132 city and 105 highway), with a range of 82 miles. Although at present it is only available by lease, according to the EPA, it is the second most efficient electric car in the world today. However, the company is producing only 1,100 Fit EVs.

The EPA rates the 2014 Accord Plug-In Hybrid's electric range at 13 miles, during which its efficiency rating is 115 MPGe. After the battery is depleted, it behaves like a conventional hybrid and is rated at 46 MPG combined. It is the only mid-size sedan to boast such numbers. This plug-in uses Honda's new two-motor hybrid system, with powerful electric motors and multiple modes of operation. The plug-in hybrid Accord will be followed by the 2014 Accord Hybrid that will be launched later this fall.

Honda is already a hydrogen fuel cell leader with a large number of related patents to its credit. In addition to the recent fuel cell partnership with GM, Honda has one of the only operational fuel cell powered cars on the market. It has been leasing as the FCX since 2002 with 85 units in the US and Japan. The newer FCX Clarity was named the 2009 World Green Car. Honda plans to launch the successor of FCX Clarity in Japan and the US in 2015.

In addition to its highly fuel efficient vehicles, Honda has set some impressive CO2 emissions reduction targets. Honda is also striving to minimize waste, water use and the total environmental footprint of its operations worldwide. They are also developing battery-electric, hydrogen, natural gas, and gasoline-electric powered vehicles, that improve fuel-efficiency and reduce C02 emissions.

At one of its test track facilities, Honda is installing 70,000 solar panels which will power facilities for its car development, Green Car Reports said. They are selling the excess renewable energy generated by the facility.

Energy Manager Today reports that Honda is the all time leader in overall clean energy patents granted since 2002. In 2012, they registered a total of 87 patents.

© 2013, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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Toyota's Efficient Cars and Sustainability Leadership

Toyota retained the top spot on Interbrand’s 2013 Best Global Green Brands ranking for the third year running. Toyota’s 2013 Prius line is dominating the greener car market. The Toyota Prius C, a compact version of the Prius that boasts fuel economy of 53 mpg city and 46 mpg highway. The Prius is one of the best vehicles on the market in terms of tailpipe emissions.

Combined the four model variations of the Prius sold 236,659 units last year, making the vehicle the Toyota Prius the most popular hybrid car in the US. In total more than 2.9 million Prius models were sold worldwide in 2012.

Toyota is also getting involved with hydrogen fuel cell powered cars. The company has partnered with BMW to collaborate on the development of a fuel cell system, Toyota will begin selling its fuel-cell sedan in the US in 2014. Typically, EV batteries provide a range of less than 100 miles per charge, while fuel cell vehicles like Toyota's hybrid Highlander SUV has a 300-mile range per tank of hydrogen.

At the New York International Auto Show, Toyota unveiled a new generation of Toyota Highlander crossover vehicles including a version of the Highlander hybrid.

Toyota takes green innovation to the next level with its low-carbon society called Toyota Ecoful Town in Toyota City, Japan.

As reported in Energy Manager Today, Toyota is also the undisputed leader in green patents with 207 clean energy research and development patents in 2012.

© 2013, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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Five EV/Hybrid Product Marketing Strategies

Demand for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (EVs) is growing at an ever increasing rate. A Mintel study indicated that sales of hybrids and EVs were up 73 percent in 2012. They forecasted that the number of hybrid and Evs will reach 535,000 units by the end of 2013, which represents a 14 percent increase in sales over 2012. By 2017, Mintel predicts that sales of hybrid and EVs will reach 850,000 units, representing five percent of the total US car market.

Automotive companies are now vying for attention in an increasingly competitive space. Here are five EV product offerings and the associated marketing strategies of the five different automakers.


Subaru XV Crosstrek Hybrid: Does it All

Even companies that have no history of producing electric vehicles are getting in on the action. Subaru is offering a car that tries to do it all. At the New York International Auto Show Japanese car maker Subaru unveiled its first-ever production hybrid vehicle. The Subaru XV Crosstrek Hybrid is meant to be at home in both the city and the country. As crossover, this is an SUV that is also ideal for urban transport. The vehicle will arrive in Subaru dealerships in the fourth quarter of 2013. This hybrid combines a 2.0-liter Subaru engine boxer with a 13.4-hp electric motor that’s integrated into the transmission.

Scion iQ-EV: Tease

Scion is a brand of vehicles produced by Toyota for the North American youth market. Its product strategy can best be described as a tease. The 2013 Scion iQ-EV is ranked number one according to the EPA’s annual list of fuel efficient vehicles. With a rating of 121 MPGe combined (138 city and 105 highway), the iQ-EV is most fuel efficient production vehicle in the world. However it is only a showpiece as a mere 100 units are scheduled to be build, and none of these will be publicly available.

Fiat 500e: Efficiency Cost and Sexy

Fiat is an Italian company with a long history. The 2013 Fiat 500e electric car has been met with great enthusiasm, selling out very quickly. The electric 500 can be leased for $199 a month. The EPA rated the Fiat 500e at 108 MPGe highway. The car boasts low tailpipe emissions and it will reportedly go 87 miles on a full battery charge. It also has a reputation of being fun to drive. Fiat 500e's unique Italian style and fuel efficiency prompted Tim Kuniskis, Head of FIAT Brand North America to call the car “environmentally sexy."

Mitsubishi i-MiEV: Mileage and Price

Mitsubishi is another Japanese company that has opted for a strategy based on radical efficiency and ultra low cost. The very affordable and highly efficient Mitsubishi i-MiEV has a 64-mile range, and it can be plugged-in almost anywhere. What is most astounding about the tiny i-MiEV is not the fact that it offers 112 MPGe, but the fact that it can cost as little as $69 per month. The vehicle is anything but overpowered with an electric motor rated at 47 kilowatts, or 63 horsepower. Nonetheless, the i-MiEV five-door hatchback is an excellent, efficient, inexpensive vehicle for an urban environment.

VIA Motors: Capitalizing on Demand and Technological Novelty

Automotive upstart, US based VIA motors may have the best business strategy. They are using a relatively unique technological configuration to build a popular vehicle with pent up demand demand. VIA Motors unveiled the first ever " extended-range" pickup with batteries, electric motors and a backup gas engine. The pickup sports a 4.3-liter V-6 gas engine, which is used only when the batteries need charging. It is coupled with a 150-kilowatt electric generator. The most distinctive feature of this pickup, is its ultra lightweight engine which weighs only 108-pounds. In addition to the pickup, VIA Motors also makes extended-range SUVs and vans.

The future of vehicles is clear to Bob Lutz, a member of VIA Motors' board and the former General Motors vice chair often referred to as the father of the Chevy Volt. He said, "Once you electrify, you will never go back."

© 2013, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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Electric Vehicles Increasingly Competitive

Eight Green Cars for St. Patrick’s Day

St. Patrick's Day is upon us, to commemorate the occasion here are the eight greenest cars in Ireland:

REVA Electric Car
GreenAer is an Irish organization focused on fostering awareness and sales of environmentally friendly modes of transport. They're big proponents of the REVA, an economical electric car with a crazy rad turning radius and several easy options for charging. You're in luck, Europe — this green vehicle is priced right, starting at €11,500.

Toyota Auris Hybrid
Sold as a European replacement for the Corolla hatchback, the Auris hybrid is one of Ireland's favorite sellers. Reasonably priced, environmentally friendly, and packed with features, the Auris hybrid is a solid choice for the price and expected longevity of the vehicle. And with Toyota Ireland sponsoring ECO-UNESCO's "Clubs in Action" program, a portion of your dollars (or, euros, as it were) go to help kids' community projects focused on micro-environmentalism.

Volkswagen BlueMotion Polo
The Volkswagen BlueMotion Polo is another reasonably priced eco-friendly favorite of the Irish. This diesel car knocks the Toyota Prius and the Honda Insight out of the water in terms of fuel efficiency, but isn't a favorite in terms of power performance, with its three-cylinder engine and wonky gearshift indicator.

Skoda Fabia Estate Greenline
One of the larger green vehicles, the Skoda Estate GreenLine is a sensible choice for family transportation. The newest version, the GreenLine II, offers even more eco-features, making it the most environmentally friendly member of the Skoda family. Low prices, fuel economy, and versatile usability make the Estate GreenLine and GreenLine II good bets for any European trying to "green" up their commute.

SEAT Ibiza 1.4 TDi Ecomotive
Called a supermini, the SEAT Ibiza, a cousin of Volkswagen, was named one of the 100 most reliable cars of the past decade, according to a GizMag article. And with the Irish getting a tax break for how "green" their engines are, these little eco-wonders are selling well.

Opel Corsa 1.3 CDTi
Newer models of the Opel Corsa, another favorite brand of the Irish, come equipped with "ecotec" engines. These cars aren't known for their beauty of design, but their practical usage platforms make them a favorite of their owners. Partnering with GM Gamma and Fiat, what Opel cars lack in blockbuster sales, they make up for in loyal customers.

Toyota iQ
With the i short for "intelligence," "innovation," and "individuality," and the Q referencing "quality," the Toyota iQ is the company's answer to the Smart ForTwo. This cute, environmentally friendly compact hatchback is a favorite of the Irish, as well as the rest of Europe and Japan — it won Japan's Car of The Year in 2008.

Renault Clio dCi 86
With its slogan reading "Elle a Tout d'une Grande" (the small car with big attributes), this small, comfortable car has a reputation for being simple to handle and utilitarian (read: basic). The engine is capable of running on alternative fuels, and the Clio is a favorite of green drivers worldwide.

Source: Car Insurance Quotes.

Assessing the Environmental Impact of Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Production

Although electric and hybrid cars create more carbon emissions during their production than standard vehicles, they are still greener overall. This is one of the findings in a report prepared by Ricardo1for, in collaboration with the membership of the Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership that includes major vehicle manufacturers and oil companies.

The increased emissions created during the production of electric and hybrid vehicles is further compounded by disposal issues. However, overall electric and hybrid vehicles still have lower carbon footprints than fossil fuel powered vehicles.


“This work dispels the myth that low carbon vehicles simply displace emissions from the exhaust to other sources. However, it does highlight the need to look at reducing carbon emissions from vehicles throughout their lifecycle,” said Greg Archer, LowCVP Managing Director.

A 2008 study by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University found that life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions, which include emissions from both manufacturing and operating a vehicle, are 32 percent less from plug-in hybrids than from gasoline-powered cars.

Approximately three quarters of the carbon created in production is attributable to the steel used in vehicles. In an electric vehicle almost half (43%) of the carbon created in production arises from the battery. To reduce carbon in vehicle production we need low weight, low carbon alternatives for steel and batteries.

Andy Carroll, Managing director for Eurotax Glass’s, said that the industry will see an evolution towards learning how to estimate the residual value impact of improved technologies and batteries as well as end of life disposal.

Although calculating whole life carbon emissions is complex, it is essential for comprehensive vehicle comparisons.

© 2011, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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Assessing the Environmental Impact of Operating Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

The dramatically smaller footprint of electric cars varies depending on the source of electricity used to power them. "The types of power plants installed in the next two decades will not only affect how much we can reduce emissions from electricity, but also from vehicles," said Carnegie Mellon engineer Kyle Meisterling.

Newer fossil fuel powered vehicles are much more efficient than previous generations of automobiles, but they are not as efficient as hybrids or fully electric vehicles.

In places like California where tailpipe standards are some of the toughest in the nation, a 2010 gas powered car puts out only 2 percent of the emissions of a 1980s model. However, electric vehicles have a much smaller carbon footprint than even the most efficient fossil fuel powered vehicles.

We should not underestimate the contributions of electric vehicles to our environment. According to Tom Cahill, a professor emeritus of physics at UC Davis, EVs offer "a whole lot of gain in climate change."

All-electric vehicles burn no fossil fuels, and hybrids burn relatively small amounts of gas. The tailpipe emissions from electric cars are zero and hybrids have a significantly reduced emissions profile compared to conventional vehicles. In places like Los Angeles, on some days, the tailpipe emissions of hybrids contain less pollution than the air.

A 2008 study by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University found that America's electricity mix derives 45 percent of electricity from coal, 23 percent from natural gas, 20 percent from nuclear, and 12 percent from dams, solar, wind and other sources. The emissions associated with electric and hybrid vehicles will improve significantly once we reduce the use of fossil fuel powered energy, particularly coal.

One of the most interesting findings of the Carnegie research finds that even when electricity derived from coal is used to power hybrids they emit fewer greenhouse gases than gasoline-powered cars.

In states with cleaner power mixes, plug-in hybrids have less than half the greenhouse gas footprint of conventional gasoline vehicles.

In a recent study, Mark Jacobsen, a professor of civil and environmental engineering found that electric vehicles powered by wind energy were best, with a 99 percent reduction in carbon and air pollution emissions from the current vehicle fleet. Not suprisingly, ethanol ranked last in his study, with the largest carbon footprint.

"There's no technical reason we can't ramp up to a lot more electric vehicles," Jacobsen said. "It's a question of whether society as a whole is motivated to do it."

Andy Carroll, Managing director for Eurotax Glass’s, said the key to making electric vehicles more popular will be for manufacturers to completely remove the risk of residual value in batteries from falling into the hands of the customer.

© 2011, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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New Partnerships Manufacturing Greener Cars

Auto companies are pooling their resources to try to gain access to the growing market for hybrid and fully electric vehicles. Research and development partnerships already exist between Renault and Nissan and more recently Toyota and Tesla have agreed to work together.

Now BMW and PSA Peugeot-Citroën are forming a new partnership for the development of electric vehicle components.The partnership has been formed in order to create a standard for electric vehicle technology across the brands to ensure more efficient production and higher quality. Once such a standard is established it is believed that it will allow the electric vehicle market to grow much faster. They will also work together to develop hybrid technology and the software needed to allow a hybrid system to work efficiently.

Daimler AG, bought 10% of Tesla, and is working on a partnership agreement with Renault Nissan to develop small electric cars. Renault Nissan has partnered with Mitsubishi which promises electric versions of all new car models.

These are just a few examples of companies teaming up to share the formidable costs of developing hybrid and fully electric powertrains.

© 2011, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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The Chevrolet Volt Versus the Nissan Leaf


GM's Volt and Nissan's Leaf are America's first two mass-produced electric vehicles (EV). Now that these two vehicles are available, Americans with an interest in green have some difficult choices to make. These cars are not just competing with each other, they will also have to compete with as many as three dozen plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles that are expected to reach market by mid-decade.

Chevrolet calls the Volt an extended-range electric vehicle. GM had planned to build 10,00 Volts in 2011 and 45,000 in 2012, however, GM said that it is stepping up production of the Volt to meet "huge demand." South Korea's LG Chem is supplying General Motors GM.UL with batteries for the Volt. The Volt was named 2011 Green Car of the Year by Green Car Journal.

Nissan's 2011 Leaf, is a compact, five-seat battery car. As many as 10,000 potential buyers took a look at the Leaf during the first four stops of a 23-city tour. The battery pack is assembled by Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) - a joint venture between Nissan, NEC and NEC Energy Devices. The Nissan LEAF was named 2011 European Car of the Year.

Nissan’s marketing campaign for the Leaf is called, "The Drive Electric" tour, it has blended traditional advertising with social and event marketing. Nissan even set up a website for those showing early interest in the Leaf. Patrons could pay a refundable $99 deposit to reserve a test drive but Nissan was forced to end that preliminary reservation process because it claimed it had quickly received 20,000 deposits.

Nissan’s battery car has an estimated range of about 100 miles per charge. Although the vast majority of Americans drive less than 100 miles a day, but even so, it remains to be seen whether “range anxiety” will prove to be an issue.

The Volt is doing its own national tour using the tagline “More Car than Electric.” The Volt can travel roughly 40 miles purely on its electric motor, that is enough to satisfy about 70 percent of American commuters, according to federal data. After 40 miles, the Volt's fuel efficient 1.4-liter gasoline engine kicks in. The GM Volt’s wheels are powered by electric motors and the gas engine will assist the electric motor and provide a direct mechanical boost.

Without factoring the gas cost, the estimated annual charging cost for the Volt is $601. As a fully electric vehicle, the Leaf incurs no additional gas cost. The EPA calculates that the annual cost to recharge the Leaf would be $561.

Due to pent-up demand among environmentalists and early adopters, there should be no difficulty selling all the 2011 Volts and Leafs. However, it remains to be seen whether demand will build beyond these two groups.

Nissan is offering the Leaf for $32,780, whereas the Chevrolet Volt will cost over $41,000. Both are being offered, on lease, for $350 a month.

The US government is offering a $7,500 tax credit, and more than a dozen states have announced incentives of their own, ranging from the elimination of sales tax for the purchase in Washington state to a $6,000 tax break in Colorado.

Some communities are offering additional rebates, while several employers are offering up to $5,000 in assistance. With all the incentives, in some locations the Leaf might go for as little as $12,280.

The head to head battle for American electric vehicle supremacy is already pretty hot and sure to get hotter. Industry executives say the coming months will be critical to building acceptance for these vehicles. However there are concerns about the rivalry that could develop. “It could wind up looking like two politicians cutting each other down in public,” said an unnamed senior GM executive on the Volt program. In the end, the public could wind up mistrusting both.

Bitter conflict between the two brands would not be good for the green car market, nor is it necessary. Each car can find its own audience. The Leaf is for those who do not travel more than 100 miles per trip, while the Volt is for those who need the extra range, and can afford the higher sticker price.


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EPA's New Mileage Estimates for the Volt and the Leaf

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has announced new mileage figures for electric cars like the 2011 Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt. The EPA converted the cost of gasoline into the cost of electricity, and then calculated the miles per "gallon."

The Nissan Leaf is pure electric and is EPA rated at the equivalent of 99 mpg.

The Chevrolet Volt is different than other electric cars or even hybrids. The Volt is an electric car that also has a gasoline engine to extend the car's range. When driven less than 40 miles it uses no gas at all.

The EPA has determined that the stickers on the Volt will display the equivalent of miles per gallon while on electricity, the actual mpg while the car is running on gas, and combined mileage for comparison purposes with other cars.

In the Volt's case, it will get the equivalent of 93 mpg on battery power, 37 mpg while on gasoline only, and 60 mpg when both are calculated.


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