Showing posts with label Biodiversity. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Biodiversity. Show all posts

World Wetlands Day 2014 Highlights Agriculture

Yesterday, Sunday February 2nd was World Wetlands Day (WWD). As 2014 is the UN International Year of Family Farming, the theme for this year is 'Wetlands and Agriculture.' The slogal for the Day is 'Wetlands and Agriculture: Partners for Growth,' placing a focus on the need for the wetland, water and agricultural sectors to work together for the best shared outcomes.

Our wetlands are of great importance to the health of the planet and all its inhabitants. Our waters provide habitat for a myriad of species, recharge groundwater and provide opportunities for wildlife viewing and other outdoor recreation.

As is becoming increasingly obvious climate change is drastically altering the water cycle. We are now living with more intense storms, floods, droughts, in addition to rising sea-levels. Many species are suffering from the impacts of habitat loss and we continue to make ever-increasing demands on our waters. Now more than ever we need to protect and restore these precious resources and the beneficial functions they offer.

WWD marks the date of the adoption of the Convention on Wetlands on 2 February 1971, in the Iranian city of Ramsar on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Each year since 1997, the Ramsar Secretariat has provided materials so that government agencies, non-governmental organizations, conservation organizations, and groups of citizens can help raise public awareness about the importance and value of wetlands.

The Ramsar Convention Secretariat

The Ramsar Convention Secretariat's reports of WWD activities of all types, from lectures and seminars, nature walks, children’s art contests, sampan races, and community clean-up days, to radio and television interviews and letters to newspapers, to the launch of new wetland policies, new Ramsar sites, and new programmes at the national level. Government agencies and private citizens from all over the world have sent us their news, often with photographs, and these annual summaries and over 1000 individual reports, with more than 1400 images, make an excellent archive of ideas for future celebrations.

And each year, the Ramsar Secretariat, with generous financial assistance from the private sector Danone Group, has offered a new selection of posters, stickers, videos, pocket calendars, leaflets and information packs free of charge and has suggested a unifying theme for the benefit of those who wish to use it.

The Danone-Evian Fund for Water generously supports World Wetlands Day as part of a collaborative partnership since 1998 between the Ramsar Convention and the Danone Group.

Click here to see local, national and international adaptations of WWD materials, the collection of all the WWD cartoons, the collection of WWD Children's activities.

The National Wildlife Federation (NWF)

In addition to the work of the Ramsar Convention a number of organizations work to protect wetlands, one of the best is the National Wildlife Federation (NWF). Their effort include:

Wetlands - Those amazingly productive and diverse waters that stand between upland and open water. As important as they are to water quality, flood storage, and biodiversity, they are vanishing at such a quick rate in some parts of the country that within our lifetime they may just be a memory. Economists estimate that one acre of wetlands provides about $10,000 worth of ecosystem services which include: filtering and recharging drinking water, preventing flooding, protecting our coasts from hurricanes and storms, and providing habitat for diverse wildlife populations.

Streams - Where water often first surfaces from underground and begins its march to the sea. They form a complex hydrologic network that absorbs and then gradually releases nutrients, organic matter, and stream flow downstream. These headwaters support a staggering diversity of fish and wildlife species. Like wetlands, they provide essential "services" for humans such as preserving water quality and lessening the impacts of flooding.

Floodplains- The flood-prone bottomlands that cradle rivers, streams, and wetlands are nature's best defense against floods and provide invaluable functions for wildlife and communities. Undisturbed floodplains — or those that have been restored to a near natural state — provide such benefits as flood and erosion control, groundwater recharge, enhanced farmlands, fish and wildlife habitat, and recreational opportunities. Development along floodplains puts people and property in harm's way, resulting in more frequent and severe floods, puts species at risk, and compromises water supplies.

To protect these valuable waters, NWF:

Works to restore Clean Water Act protections lost due to two controversial Supreme Court decisions. We advocate for legislation and agency action to restore Clean Water Act protections.

Advocates for preventing wetland and stream destruction and pollution through strong enforcement of the Clean Water Act. Since passage in 1972, the Clean Water Act has made great strides in protecting and restoring America's waters. A series of court cases and agency decisions threaten to reverse the unprecedented progress that was made over the previous 30 years. NWF litigates, advocates, and works with federal, state and local agencies to keep safeguards strong and protect our waters from development and population pressures.

Urges agencies to consider global warming and wildlife impacts when making decisions affecting our nation's waters. Decisions that affect our nation's waters must take into account the impacts of global warming on fish and wildlife — especially endangered species — and the aquatic habitat they depend on. NWF litigates, advocates, and collaborates with all levels of government to protect our wetlands, streams, and floodplains.

Keeps people and wildlife out of harm's way by promoting nonstructural solutions to flood control. Flooding poses a major threat to people and wildlife. National Wildlife Federation works at the local and national level to prevent development along floodplains. NWF has actively advocated for reforming the National Flood Insurance Program so that flood insurance rates reflect real risk.

Prevents the construction of water projects that will degrade, destroy, or alter waters' natural and beneficial functions and promotes economically and environmentally sound solutions. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' water civil works projects and outdated federal water policies can have devastating impacts on the nation's rivers, wetlands, and coasts. National Wildlife Federation coordinates the Water Protection Network to help hundreds of organizations and community leaders understand and influence Corps projects and federal water policy to ensure water projects and policies are economically and environmentally sound. NWF is also leading a campaign to prevent the Corps from constructing the New Madrid Levee Project.

Works to enact new national water planning guidelines that are more friendly to wildlife, that preserve intact ecosystems to feed our economic growth and buffer our communities from increasing threats from global warming. The 21st century, with the increasing pressures on our nation's water resources, demands a more proactive approach to water planning, rather than the piecemeal, project-by-project approach taken thus far.

© 2014, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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The Financial Costs of Biodiversity Loss

The loss of biodiversity is a tragedy for everyone. We often forget that nature provides a plethora of services all for free. A 2012 report indicates that the world's biodiversity is down 30 percent since the 1970s. Humanity is outstripping the Earth's resources by 50 percent — essentially using the resources of one and a half Earths every year, according to the 2012 Living Planet Report, produced by conservation agency the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

As we undermine natural systems we are incurring immense costs. This is the central premise of a BBC News article by Richard Anderson.

As pointed out in the article businesses will be forced to pay through regulatory instruments such as pollution taxes, like carbon credits and landfill taxes that already exist, and higher insurance premiums.

Climate change induced extreme weather also has dramatic costs. Businesses that fail to own up to their responsibilities will also pay in terms of damage to their reputations from consumers whose environmental demands are growing every day.

Trucost and PRI have estimated the cost of environmental damage caused by the world's largest 3,000 companies in 2008 at $2.15 trillion.

Businesses are not the only ones who will suffer from these high costs. These costs will be passed along to consumers.

As earnings and profits come under increasing pressure share prices will fall and this will affect investors around the world. At the end of the day the cost of biodiversity loss will impact everyone.

We can expect “15 to 37 percent of living species” will be extinct by mid-century, equivalent to 1.25 million species. Climate change is to blame and it will force species to migrate to new regions and adapt or die as a result. To put it bluntly, “up to 70% of the world’s known species risk extinction if the global temperatures rise by more than 3.5°C.”28 The largest biomes under direct threat are polar ice and ocean coral reefs.

We have very tangible results of this trend today. The Arctic ice sheet has now hit record lows. We are facing the prospect of ice-free summers in the Arctic Ocean which implies the loss of an entire biome, the costs of which could be staggering.

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Scientists Defend the Lacey Act

A prominent group of scientists have published a report that claims the Lacey Act legislation curbs deforestation and enhances the competitiveness of US logging and wood processing industries. The new report urges Congress to leave the law alone and provide enough money to enforce it.

The report was released on April 16, by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), it is titled “Logging and the Law: How the U.S. Lacey Act Helps Reduce Illegal Logging in the Tropics. ” The report outlines how illegal logging poses a significant threat to the US economy and endangers tropical ecosystems around the world.

Changes to the Lacey Act could cost the US wood industry millions as well as lead to job losses. The report states that removing penalties for companies that illegally import foreign wood would hurt domestic loggers and processors. That’s why a number of large companies and groups oppose illegal wood products.

“Congress can sustain the U.S. wood industry, reduce destructive logging practices, and help Americans make sustainable consumer choices by supporting and funding implementation of the Lacey Act,” the report says.

“Lawmakers must preserve the Lacey Act because it closes the entire U.S. timber market to illegally sourced wood – an approach to stopping illegal logging that’s supported by economic research,” said Pipa Elias, UCS consultant and author of the report. “The law ensures that the U.S. wood industry isn’t undercut by cheap, illegally harvested wood.”

“You really need to affect the incentives for illegal logging in order to reduce it, and the incentive is that people are going to buy that product,” Elias said. “So anything that would ultimately ... continue to allow people to buy an illegal product wouldn’t really create that market change that the research has shown can be effective.”

Putting an end to illegal logging is widely supported by industry groups. Organizations like the American Forest and Paper Association, the National Wood Flooring Association, Home Depot and Lowe’s all support policies to stop illegal logging. Companies can now turn to wood certification to ensure the wood they are sourcing is sustainable.

“The Lacey Act should remain in place as is,” said Elias. “It protects the U.S. wood industry, the U.S. economy, as well as tropical forests.”

In addition to harming U.S. businesses, the report shows that illegal logging causes significant damage to tropical forests by reducing biodiversity, destroying soil, damaging trees and releasing carbon dioxide that contributes to global climate change. Every year illegal logging contributes to tropical forest loss, which in total is roughly the size of Pennsylvania.

To download "How the U.S. Lacey Act Helps Reduce Illegal Logging in the Tropics," click here.

© 2012, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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Challenge to the Lacey Act

Efforts are underway to erode the Lacey Act which protects Americans from wood that is illegally harvested. In March, two Republicans, Paul Broun, R-Ga., and Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky., introduced legislation to repeal the requirement that US companies comply with foreign environmental laws. Their bill would lower the penalties for violations under the Lacey Act. A bill introduced last fall by Democratic Rep. Jim Cooper of Nashville and Republican Rep. Marsha Blackburn of Brentwood would eliminate penalties for people who procure illegal woods.

The Broun/Paul bill will allow illegally traded wood — which is cheap and often taken from over-forested or protected land — to make its way into the US market.

The Blackburn/Cooper legislation could allow businesses to avoid penalties by claiming they didn’t know they were violating a foreign law. Wood certification makes it very easy for companies to ensure that imported wood is legal and sustainable.

Changing the Lacey Act does not make sense because reducing penalties for companies that illegally import foreign wood ultimately hurts the domestic wood industry which in turn hurts the economy.

Many large organizations support approaches like those contained in the Lacey Act. Companies like Staples and the American Forest and Paper Association support policies that reduce the threat that illegal wood products pose to the US market.

If the industry supports the Lacey act then why can't lawmakers?

© 2012, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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The Lacey Act Combats Illegal Logging

The Lacey Act protects forests making it one of the most important pieces of environmental legislation in US law books. An amendment to the Lacey Act is the first-ever law prohibiting the trade of products made with illegally logged wood. The Lacey Act was first passed in 1900 to ban the transport of poached game across state lines. It was amended in 2008 to bar importing wood that is illegally exported under another country’s laws.

The May 2008, Congressional amendments to the Lacey Act prohibit commerce in plant and plant products that were taken in violation of state, tribal or foreign law. The amendments also require importers to declare the species and country of origin of plants or plant products imported into the US, including information for wood materials used in products.

In essence, the Lacey Act closes the American timber market to illegally harvested wood. In addition to obvious environmental benefits, it makes good economic sense to stop illegal logging. The law effectively prevents cheap wood from undercutting prices in the industry.

Most illegal hardwood comes from tropical forests for use in furniture, cabinets and home décor. The Lacey Act blocks the importation of raw material and products made from illegal wood, eliminating the US market for these products.

In addition to protecting US businesses, the Lacey Act also protects forests.

Given the benefits it provides to the US wood industry, the US economy, and tropical forests, the Lacey Act is a vital part of American environmental law.

© 2012, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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The Costs of Illegal Logging

Illegal loggers undermine the competitive advantage of legal producers by selling unlawfully cut or stolen wood at artificially low prices. This practice creates trade distortions that decrease the global price of legal wood by about 16 percent.

In a 2007 letter to Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR), the American Forest & Paper Association noted that illegal logging contributed to mill closures, job cuts and an estimated billion dollar in losses for the wood industry. The World Bank estimates that illegal logging costs governments and businesses at least $10 billion to $15 billion in losses each year.

Illegal logging imposes unacceptable costs including putting the wood industry in financial jeopardy, threatening jobs, and harming the wider economy.

Illegal logging also causes significant damage to tropical forests by reducing biodiversity, destroying soil, damaging trees and releasing carbon dioxide that contributes to global climate change. Every year illegal logging contributes to tropical forest loss, which in total is roughly the size of Pennsylvania. It is clear that forests are crucial to the health of the planet.

Illegal logging represents a major threat to the environment and the US economy. Which is why the Lacey Act, the US legislation that protects against illegal logging, must be upheld.

© 2012, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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Russia Lining Up Investors for Arctic Drilling

In April Russian President Vladimir Putin made public his plans to attract foreign investment to Russia’s Arctic. As reported in Oil Change International, Putin has set his sights on exploiting Russia's Arctic oil fields while their is still a demand for oil.

“Offshore fields—especially in the Arctic—are without any exaggeration our strategic reserve for the 21st century,” Putin told a meeting attended by the heads of Rosneft and Gazprom.

Putin intends to attract international investors with a package of lucrative tax breaks. A new report from Lloyds of London says the region is likely to attract $100 billion investments in the coming decade. Lloyds of London is the world’s largest insurer. The British think tank, Chatham House was also involved in the preparation of the report.

The report explicitly warns that this investment could have harmful consequences on the Arctic's fragile ecosystem.

Richard Ward, Lloyd’s chief executive, urged companies not to “rush in [but instead to] step back and think carefully about the consequences” of drilling in the Arctic.

The report singles out a potential oil spill as the “greatest risk in terms of environmental damage, potential cost and insurance.” The insurers believe cleaning up oil spills, particularly in ice-covered areas, would present “multiple obstacles, which together constitute a unique and hard-to-manage risk.”

The report also warns that various wildlife would be severely impacted by oil development in the Arctic. This includes the migration patterns of caribou and whales. In addition to spills, ecosystem damage could come from "the construction of pipelines and roads, noise pollution from offshore drilling, seismic survey activity or additional maritime traffic as well as through the break-up of sea ice.”

Lloyd’s says it is essential that there is more investment in science and research to “close knowledge gaps, reduce uncertainties and manage risks.” It has urged companies to “think carefully about the consequences of action” before exploring for oil in the region.

Oil is a destructive resource that is harmful to the planet, but that resource in an environment like the arctic and the possible damage is unacceptable.

© 2012, Richard Matthews. All rights reserved.

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Endangered Species

On World Animal Day 2010, it is fitting that we acknowledge the long list of endangered species* that are at risk of becoming extinct due to human habitation and the changing environment.

Animals and plant life are at risk in largely due to humans. As human populations have grown in the last 150 years we have seen much higher rates of extinction. These rates are commonly associated with the destruction of habitat attributable to human activity.

These activities include over population and overbuilding, over exploitation of the species by hunting, illegal wildlife trade, and pollution.

We need to see legislation and building laws which protect sensitive habitats. Natural preserves are another way of protecting pockets of land for creatures to live in, but our interdependent ecosystems do not recognize park boundaries and every creature on earth has a role in the environment.

There are a total of 1,589,361 known plant and animal species on planet earth. The 59,811 vertebrate animals include 5,416 mammals, 9,956 birds, 8,240 reptiles, and 6,199 amphibians. The 1,203,375 invertebrate animals, include 950,000 insects, 81,000 molluscs, 40,000 crustaceans, 2,175 corals and 130,200 others.

There are a total of 297,326 plants, 980 conifers, 13,025 ferns and horsetails, 15,000 mosses, 9,671 red and green algae, 10,000 lichens, 16,000 mushrooms, 2,849 brown algae and 28,849 others.

Unfortunately, there is also a long list of endangered plants and animals. (See the list of endangered species by country, state or region or see, a complete list of endangered species, and a complete list of endangered plants.

These are the endangered species amongst the roughly two million species we know about, however, there an estimated nine million species yet to be discovered by science. Sadly many of these species will go extinct before we even acknowledge they exist.

For more information see world animals and endangered species.

*Endangered Species Day is celebrated in USA on the Third Friday of May, it is a celebration of wildlife and wild places, it was started in 2006 by the US Congress to recognize the national conservation effort to protect endangered species and their habitats.


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World Animal Day 2010

World Animal Day is celebrated each year on October 4. It started in Florence, Italy in 1931 at a convention of ecologists as a way of highlighting the plight of endangered species. On this day, animal life in all its forms is celebrated, and special events are planned on locations all over the globe.

October 4 was originally chosen for World Animal Day because it is the feast day of Francis of Assisi, a nature lover and patron saint of animals and the environment. Numerous churches throughout the world observe the Sunday closest to 4 October with a Blessing for the Animals.

However, World Animal Day is not an exclusively Christian event, the day is observed by animal-lovers of all beliefs, nationalities and backgrounds. World Animal Day is not linked to any one individual, organization, or campaign, but belongs to everyone.

The number of World Animal Day events taking place throughout the world has increased year upon year and with your help we can ensure the trend continues. World Animal Day is reporting that in 2010, hundreds of events are taking place in more than 73 countries around the globe.

For more information go to World Animal Day.


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